class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Narratives of Xeno- and Islamophobia in Islamist Communication ] .subtitle[ ## An Analysis of Hizb ut-Tahrir adjacent Twitter Accounts in Germany ] .author[ ### Nader Hotait
] .institute[ ### Humboldt University of Berlin ] .institute[ ### University of Mannheim ] .date[ ### June 08, 2022 ] --- # Content ## 1. Research Interest and Theoretical Framework ## 2. Examples ## 3. Some Early Findings ## 4. Outlook --- class: inverse, center, middle # What am I interested in? --- # Research Interest ## D:Islam Project: Modul 1 > The D:Islam project aims to address the following research questions: Are Muslim communities exposed to Islamist **phishing** and what are the associated strategies? ## The Phishing Analyogy > [Merriam-Webster](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phishing): the practice of tricking Internet users (as through the use of deceptive email messages or websites) into revealing personal or confidential information which can then be used illicitly -- ## Radicalization as Communicative Persuasion + What communicative strategies do Islamists deploy to mobilize consent and membership? + More specifically: what narratives and frames? --- background-image: url("Marten-De-Vos-The-Temptation-of-St-Antony-2-.JPG") background-size: contain background-position: 50% 50% class: inverse, center, top # Theoretical Framework <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> The Temptation of St Antony [(Maarten De Vos, 1591)](https://wikioo.org/paintings.php?refarticle=8Y3LQ2&titlepainting=The%20Temptation%20of%20St%20Antony&artistname=Marten%20De%20Vos) --- # Radicalization as Push and Pull Mechanisms We can investigate radicalization from the perspective of: -- + What pushes people into radicalization? -- + [King and Taylor 2011:](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2011.587064) Effects of group relative deprivation, identity conflicts and personality characteristics + [McGilloway, Ghosh, and Bhui 2015:](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09540261.2014.992008?journalCode=iirp20) Gender and Age + [Misiak et al. 2019:](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-psychiatry/article/systematic-review-on-the-relationship-between-mental-health-radicalization-and-mass-violence/A9E1E9F4409058D5D55ADA5568430AB7) High prevalence of psychotic and/or mood disorders -- Very potent push factors have proven to be: -- + [McCauley and Moskalenko 2008:](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546550802073367) Personal victimization and political grievance + [Emmelkamp et al. 2020:](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178920301932) Perceived discrimination, perceived group threat, perceived procedural injustice, perceived illegitimacy of authorities --- # Radicalization as Push and Pull Mechanisms + What pulls towards radicalization? -- + Appealing societal models, networks, peers etc. + **The soft power of communicative persuasion** -- + The extremist formula: + They utilize grievances in their communication + They create intersubjectivity by sharing observations + They use codes to trigger tacit knowledge within their audience + They superimpose their observations with their ideological frameworks + And present a programmatic offer to tackle these political grievances --- # Radicalization in the Digital Era -- + Extremists have moved to the Internet (e.g. [Conversi 2012](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698204); [Conway 2017](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157408); [Gill et al. 2017](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1745-9133.12249); [Macdonald 2016](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157402)) -- + High Efficacy/Security trade-off [(Morselli, Giguère,and Petit 2007)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378873306000268) through anonymization and pseudonymization -- + Algorithms allow for a slippery slope radicalization + Recommender Systems (see [Little and Richards 2021](https://www.mediamatters.org/tiktok/tiktoks-algorithm-leads-users-transphobic-videos-far-right-rabbit-holes)) + Echo Chambers + Diversity of ideas and Dogmatism (see [Hunsberger, Pratt, and Pancer 1994](https://doi.org/10.2307/1386493); [Kruglanski 2014](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-21682-000); [Liht and Savage 2013](https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.6.4.3); [Saroglou 2002](https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670210144130); [Strozier et al. 2010](https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379655.001.0001)) -- + Artistic underpinnings through pictures, videos, and music (e.g. Anashid, [Pieslak and Lahoud 2020](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1457420)) -- + Volatile target groups because of the digital divide (see [Dimaggio et al. 2004](https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/digital-inequality-from-unequal-access-to-differentiated-use); [Hargittai and Hinnant 2008](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093650208321782); [Hargittai and Walejko 2008](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13691180801946150); [Van Deursen and Van Dijk 2014](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444813487959)) -- ## TikTok especially powerful! --- # Suggested Causal Pathways ![Directed Acyclic Graph](Rplot02-1.png) --- background-image: url("design_hizb.png") background-size: contain background-position: 50% 50% class: inverse, center, top # Hizb ut-Tahrir --- class: inverse, center, middle # Examples [Generation Islam](https://www.facebook.com/genislam1/) [Realität Islam](https://www.facebook.com/realitaetislam/) [Muslim Interaktiv](https://www.tiktok.com/@musliminteraktiv?lang=de-DE) --- background-image: url("hizbde.png") background-size: contain background-position: 50% 50% class: inverse, center, top # Examples --- class: inverse, center, middle # Some Early Findings --- # Analytical Strategy So Far ## 1. Identify relevant actors and accounts ## 2. Pull data through APIs ## 3. Apply Computational Text Analysis ### 3.1 Descriptives ### 3.2 Unsupervised Learning ### 3.3 Supervised Learning --- # Tweets over Time
--- # Tweets over Time
--- # Wording <img src="index_files/figure-html/wc1-1.png" width="500" height="500" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Wording <img src="index_files/figure-html/wc2-1.png" width="500" height="500" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Wording <img src="index_files/figure-html/wc3-1.png" width="500" height="500" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Keyness <img src="index_files/figure-html/keyness-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Unsupervised Learning <img src="index_files/figure-html/stm1-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Unsupervised Learning <img src="index_files/figure-html/stm3-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Semi-supervised Learning ``` ## Dictionary object with 6 key entries. ## - [middle_east]: ## - israel*, palest*, paläs*, jerusalem, aqsa, *bank, gaza, aparth*, antisemit* ## - [muslim_opression]: ## - china, chines*, uigur*, uyghur*, camp*, hindu*, myanm*, rohingy* ## - [resist]: ## - verteid*, resist*, defen*, widerstand*, battl*, wehren*, abwehr*, oppos* ## - [hijab]: ## - kopftuch*, scarf*, niqab*, jilbab*, hijab* ## - [racism]: ## - rassis*, race*, racis*, black*, white*, discrim*, diskrim*, nazi* ## - [islam]: ## - dua, quran, koran, hadith, narration, prophet, gesandter, rasul*, sahaba*, salaf, kalif*, mubarak, eid, deen ``` --- # Semi-supervised Learning <table> <caption>Sujbect Frequency (Seeds)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Subject (Seed) </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> Frequency </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> middle_east </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 477 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslim_opression </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 748 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> resist </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 485 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> hijab </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 390 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> racism </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 501 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> islam </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 689 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> --- # Supervised Learning ``` ## Confusion Matrix and Statistics ## ## predicted_class ## actual_class der_zmd genislam1 ## der_zmd 704 66 ## genislam1 145 1418 ## ## Accuracy : 0.9096 ## 95% CI : (0.8972, 0.9209) ## No Information Rate : 0.6361 ## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16 ## ## Kappa : 0.8007 ## ## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 7.885e-08 ## ## Sensitivity : 0.8292 ## Specificity : 0.9555 ## Pos Pred Value : 0.9143 ## Neg Pred Value : 0.9072 ## Precision : 0.9143 ## Recall : 0.8292 ## F1 : 0.8697 ## Prevalence : 0.3639 ## Detection Rate : 0.3018 ## Detection Prevalence : 0.3300 ## Balanced Accuracy : 0.8924 ## ## 'Positive' Class : der_zmd ## ``` --- # Supervised Learning <img src="index_files/figure-html/klein-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: inverse, center, middle # Can't we talk about grievances anymore? --- # Word Embeddings - Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain <div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 0px; overflow-y: scroll; height:500px; overflow-x: scroll; width:750px; "><table> <caption>Word Embeddings for different Topics</caption> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Democracy </th> <th style="text-align:left;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Palestine </th> <th style="text-align:left;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Racism </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #time4khilafah </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> #alaqsaunderattack </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> method </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #imported_system_not_accepted </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> #aqsacallsarmies </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> khilafah </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #unificationviakhilafah </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> armies </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslims </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #hiredfacilitators </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> #apartheid </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslim </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #khilafahliberateskashmir </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> aqsa </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #ramadhandemandsaction </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> liberate </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #refutewesterncivilization </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> occupation </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> system </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> land </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> faces </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> entity </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #freenaveedbutt </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> whole </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> policies </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> zionist </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #pakistan </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslim </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> #hizbbritain </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> liberation </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> pakistan </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> solution </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> london </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> al </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> stand </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> m </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> ummah </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> call </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> must </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> rulers </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> blessed </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> take </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> #timeforislam </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> #timeforkhilafah </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslims </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> --- # Word Embeddings - Linda Sarsour <div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 0px; overflow-y: scroll; height:500px; overflow-x: scroll; width:750px; "><table> <caption>Word Embeddings for different Topics</caption> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Democracy </th> <th style="text-align:left;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Palestine </th> <th style="text-align:left;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Racism </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> rights </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> apartheid </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> cleansing </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> early </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> occupation </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> anti </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> senate </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> forces </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslim </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> filibuster </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> homes </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> violence </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> primary </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> military </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> community </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> party </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> al </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> solidarity </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> manhattan </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> occupied </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> join </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> act </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> jerusalem </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> love </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> @tahanienyc </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> children </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> like </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> council </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <U+0001F1F5><U+0001F1F8> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> palestinians </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> district </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> violence </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> justice </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> tomorrow </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> aqsa </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> history </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> #savesheikhjarrah </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> get </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> human </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> first </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> media </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> trying </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> sheikh </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> nyc </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> west </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> sure </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> jarrah </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> go </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> attack </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> protect </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> pro </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> day </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> jewish </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> muslim </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> government </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> da </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> bombing </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> need </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> free </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> mayor </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> mosque </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> time </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> settlers </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> fighting </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> settler </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> fight </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> violent </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> make </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> land </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> leaders </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> solidarity </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> office </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> international </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> city </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> crimes </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> congress </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> oppression </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> back </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> state </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> end </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> condemn </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> call </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> jews </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> woman </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> east </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> home </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> voices </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> dollars </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> liberation </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> freedom </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> anti </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> rights </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> statement </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> ground </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> happening </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> stop </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> @rashidatlaib </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> shot </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> american </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> house </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> including </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> continue </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> eid </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> killing </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> arab </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> law </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> --- # Outlook ## 1. Furhter investigate victimization ## 2. Elaborate on local and transnational phenomena ## 3. Apply mixed-methods ## 4. Extend the list of actors and ideologies ## 5. Automate the analysis of contexts ## 6. Further: Extensive TikTok research --- class: inverse, center, middle # Thank you very much!